Berbeda-beda tetapi Satu
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika
Unity in Diversity


Many, yet One

Indonesia (/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ (About this soundlisten) IN-də-NEE-zhə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia [reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia] (About this soundlisten)), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. Pancasila (Indonesian:[pantʃaˈsila];(listen)) is the official, foundational philosophical theory of Indonesia. Indonesia Raya (Indonesian: [ɪnˈdonɛsja ˈraja];(listen) “Great Indonesia”) is the national anthem of Indonesia.

Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is the official national motto of Indonesia, inscribed in the National emblem of Indonesia, the Garuda Pancasila, written on the scroll gripped by the Garuda’s claws. The phrase comes from the Kawi language, translated to as “Unity in Diversity“. The phrase is also mentioned in the Constitution of Indonesia, specifically in article 36A. The motto refers to the unity and integrity of Indonesia, a nation consisting of various cultures, regional languages, races, ethnicities, religions, and beliefs.
Indonesia consists of more than seventeen thousand islands, including Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Kalimantan), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (Papua). Indonesia is the world’s largest island country and the 14th-largest country by land area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With over 267 million people, it is the world’s 4th-most-populous country as well as the most-populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world’s most-populous island, is home to more than half of the country’s population.

The sovereign state is a presidential, constitutional republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which five have special status. The country’s capital, is Ibukota Negara Nusantara (IKN). The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia. Other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India’s Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world’s highest levels of biodiversity.

The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the 7th century when Srivijaya and later Majapahit traded with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign influences from the early centuries and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Sunni traders and Sufi scholars brought Islam, while Europeans introduced Christianity through colonisation. Although sometimes interrupted by the Portuguese, French and British, the Dutch were the foremost colonial power for much of their 350-year presence in the archipelago. The concept of “Indonesia” as a nation-state emerged in the early 20th century and the country proclaimed its independence in 1945. However, it was not until 1949 that the Dutch recognised Indonesia’s sovereignty following an armed and diplomatic conflict between the two.

Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups, with the largest one being the Javanese. A shared identity has developed with the motto “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” (“Unity in Diversity” literally, “many, yet one”), defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. The economy of Indonesia is the world’s 16th largest by nominal GDP and 7th by GDP at PPP. The country is a member of several multilateral organizations, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, G20, and a founding member of Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, East Asia Summit, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

Ancient

From the seventh century CE, the Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism. Between the eighth and tenth centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra’s Borobudur and Mataram’s Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of present-day Indonesia. This period is often referred to as a “Golden Age” in Indonesian history.

The earliest evidence of Islamized populations in the archipelago dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra. Other parts of the archipelago gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.

Candi in Indonesia. — A Candi (pronounced [tʃandi]) is a Hindu or Buddhist temple in Indonesia, mostly built during the Zaman Hindu-Buddha or “Hindu-Buddhist period”, between the 4th and 15th centuries. Candi as an ancient stone building used for worship. Candi as sacred structures of Hindu and Buddhist heritage, used for religious rituals and ceremonies in Indonesia. However, ancient secular structures such as gates, urban ruins, pools and bathing places are often called Candi too.. There above list of 62 Candi documented.

A Apart from Candi, which are ancestral remains, there are several ancient fragment sites scattered throughout Indonesia, some of which have been fully identified, and many are still being researched and renovated.

Nature

Indonesia has a well-preserved natural ecosystem with rain forests that stretch over about 57% of Indonesia’s land (225 million acres). Forests on Sumatra and Kalimantan are examples of popular destinations, such as the Orangutan wildlife reserve (Tanjung Puting National Park). Moreover, Indonesia has one of the world’s longest coastlines, measuring 54,716 kilometres (33,999 mil).

Indonesia has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Komodo National Park, and a further 19 in a tentative list that includes Bunaken National Park and Raja Ampat Islands.

Other attractions include the specific points in Indonesian history, such as the colonial heritage of the Dutch East Indies in the old towns of Jakarta and Semarang, and the royal palaces of Pagaruyung, Ubud, and Yogyakarta.

This is the list of the National Park in Indonesia. Of the 54 national parks, 6 are World Heritage Sites, 9 are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves and 5 are wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar convention. A total of 9 parks are largely marine. Around 9% of the Indonesia surface are national parks.

The Global Geopark is an integrated area with a very significant geological heritage in the world. Earth Park uses this heritage to promote awareness of the key issues facing society in the context of the dynamics of the planet we live in.

Geopark also inform about the sustainable use and demand of natural resources, whether mined, excavated, or exploited from the surrounding environment and at the same time promote respect for the environment and the integrity of the landscape. These parks do not have legislative approval but key heritage sites within geoparks are often protected under local, regional, or national laws.

Currently Indonesia has 31 National Geoparks namely; Mount Sewu, Merangin, Mount Rinjani, Lake Toba, Mount Batur, Ciletuh Palabuhanratu, Sianok-Maninjau Gorge, Sawahlunto, Minang Silokek Realm, Belitong, Natuna, Krakatoa, Ujung Kulon, Bayah Dome, Pongkor , Padalarang-Rajamandala, Karanggulung-Karangbolong, Dieng, Merapi, Mount Bojonegoro, Tulungagung, Bromo Tengger Semeru, Ijen, Tambora, Labuhan Bajo, Kelimutu, Maratus, Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat, Maros-Pangkep, Lake Poso, Limboto, Morotai and Raja Ampat.

Among the national Geoparks above, there are 6 (six) that have been designated by UNESCO as Global Geopark, namely; Mount Batur, Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu, Mount Sewu, Lake Toba, Belitong, and Rinjani-Lombok.

Republic of Indonesia

Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI)

Tribes
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Local Languages
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Ethnic

Indonesia is an ethnically diverse country, with around 300 distinct native ethnic groups. Most Indonesians are descended from Austronesian peoples whose languages had origins in Proto-Austronesian, which possibly originated in what is now Taiwan. Another major grouping is the Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia (the Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea).

The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, constituting 40.2% of the population, and are politically dominant. They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of Java and also sizable numbers in most provinces. The Sundanese, Malay, Batak, Madurese, Minangkabau, and Buginese are the next largest groups in the country. A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.

There are recognized Ethnic Groups in Indonesia. Based on ethnic classification, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese. The Sundanese, Melayu People, Batak, Madurese, Minangkabau, and Buginese are the next largest groups in the country. Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and Papua, have only thousands of members. There are ethnics since before the existence of the Indonesian state, and subsequent descendants in various regions in Indonesia, as a minority; Tionghoa, Arab, and India.
There are 1,340 tribes with more than 718 local languages, some religions and beliefs. each of them has unique customs and culture, includes; dance, music, ceremonies and festivals, with typical equipment, tools, buildings, clothes, and culinaries; spread over 38 provinces and united in one country and tolerate each other.

Territory division

Indonesia has several levels of subdivisions. The first level is that of the provinces, with five out of a total of 38 having a special status. The most recent change being the split of North Kalimantan from East Kalimantan in 2012, and the new Provinces (based on Undag-Undang Daerah Otonomi Baru (DOB), 2022); South Papua, Central Papua, and Highlands Papua. The newest Province is Papua Barat-Daya, South-West Papua.

Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. A conservative Islamic territory, Aceh has the right to create some aspects of an independent legal system implementing sharia.

Yogyakarta is the only pre-colonial monarchy legally recognised in Indonesia, with the positions of governor and vice governor being prioritised for descendants of the Sultan of Yogyakarta and Paku Alam, respectively. Papua and West Papua are the only provinces where the indigenous people have privileges in their local government. Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) is the only city granted its position as the capital of Indonesia.

Grouped into 3 time zones, Indonesian territory is divided into Provinces, which are made up of regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota). There are totally 38 Provinces; 18 Provinces that are included in the Western Indonesia Time Zone (UTC+7) – WIB (Waktu Indonesia bagian Barat), 12 Provinces that are included in the Central Indonesia Time Zone (UTC+8) – WITA (Waktu Indonesia bagian Tengah), and 8 Provinces that are included in the Eastern Indonesia Time Zone (UTC+9) – WIT (Waktu Indonesia bagian Timur).

Spices

Indonesia has played an important role in the world economy due to its strategic position as a world maritime route. Indonesia in East Asia has a strategic position because it connects East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East to Europe. Southeast Asia is the source of the most sought-after and most valuable commodities, namely spices.

The main commodities of Indonesian spices are cloves, nutmeg and mace. These spices stimulated the development of international trade in Southeast Asia. The Spice Route is a spice commodity route that crosses many areas and various ports in the world, especially from the western archipelago across Asia, Africa to Europe.  

Biodiversity

Indonesia’s size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography support one of the world’s highest levels of biodiversity. Its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species. Forests cover approximately 70% of the country.

The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to mainland Asia, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the Sumatran Tiger, Rhinoceros (Javan Rhino and Sumatran Rhino), Orangutan, Asian elephant, and Leopard were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically.

Having been long separated from the continental landmasses, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku have developed their unique flora and fauna. Papua was part of the Australian landmass and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.

Endemic flora or fauna are those that naturally originate, live, and breed in a particular place, region, region, or country. Indonesia is a country with a high level of endemic (endemism). There are dozens of recorded Indonesian endemic plants. It is estimated that Indonesia has more than 165 endemic mammal species, 397 bird species that are endemic to Indonesia, more than 150 reptiles, and more than 100 amphibian species that are endemic to Indonesia.

Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic. Tropical seas surround Indonesia’s 80,000 kilometres (50,000 miles) of coastline. The country has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.

Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world’s most enormous diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only.

British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described a dividing line (Wallace Line) between the distribution of Indonesia’s Asian and Australasian species. It runs roughly north–south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali.

Flora and fauna on the west of the line are generally Asian, while east from Lombok they are increasingly Australian until the tipping point at the Weber Line. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.

Traditions & Culture

Various ethnicities make life rich with a variety of cultures, arts, crafts, from in-form to non-tangible objects, which include; traditional houses, clothing, and accessories, handicrafts, dances, and cultural celebrations..

Food & Agriculture

The tropical archipelago nature provides products from agriculture, which include fruits, vegetables and major food crops. History has proven that this fertile island nation is a producer of spices that people all over the world hunt.

Nature & Landscape

This archipelagic country which has an agrarian culture is dotted with rows of volcanoes, which make fertile land, dozens of beautiful lakes, thousands of rivers on thousands of islands, flow into bays, straits, and seas..

Tropical Islands surrounded by the Ring of Fire

Indonesia is a country that has the most volcanoes in the world. No less than 500 volcanoes are scattered in Indonesia, with the following details:

126 of them are active volcanoes.
About 70 of these active volcanoes often erupt.
70 volcanoes that have erupted in the last 400 years.

From the data on the distribution of volcanoes in Indonesia, 30 in Sumatra Island, 35 in Java, 30 in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, 16 in Maluku Island, 18 in Sulawesi Island and a total of 129.

Geography of Indonesia is dominated by volcanoes formed by the subduction zone between the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate. The list above, are the members of the ring of fire that surround Indonesia.